Justice Denied: Extrajudicial Killings & Enforced Disappearances in IoK

 Extrajudicial Killings & Enforced Disappearances in IoK


Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances are tools of state repression in conflict zones. In Indian-occupied Jammu & Kashmir (IoK), Indian occupation forces use these tactics to silence dissent. Under the pretext of security operations, they suppress civilians with brutal force. These unlawful practices carried out under the guise of counterinsurgency operations, enable security forces to eliminate individuals without due process, bypassing legal accountability. Victims, often activists, journalists civilians, are either killed in staged encounters or forcibly disappeared, leaving families in a perpetual state of anguish and uncertainty. The absence of independent investigations and judicial oversight allows these crimes to persist with impunity, reinforcing a climate of fear that stifles resistance and erodes fundamental human rights.


By Faraz Ali Junejo

Recently, in North Kashmir’s Baramulla, Waseem Ahmad Mir was fatally shot by the Army at a checkpoint, despite no credible evidence suggesting he posed an imminent threat. The military’s pursuit of his vehicle for over 23 kilometres and the use of gunfire raise serious concerns about excessive force and the routine dehumanisation of Kashmiri lives. In Jammu’s Kathua, another tragic case of state brutality emerged with the custodial death of Makhan Din, a 25-year-old civilian. He was subjected to severe torture and psychological abuse in police custody, ultimately leading to his death. His recorded testimony inside a mosque, where he professed his innocence, underscores the arbitrary and oppressive tactics used to silence dissent. These cases exemplify the systemic violence inflicted upon Kashmiri civilians, reinforcing a climate of fear and repression designed to crush resistance and conceal state atrocities.


The revocation of Article 370 stripped Jammu and Kashmir of its special status, placing it under direct central rule. This move was swiftly followed by mass detentions and a total communication blackout, isolating the region from the outside world. Political leaders were placed under house arrest public gatherings were banned, silencing all forms of dissent. New laws were introduced, allowing non-residents to buy land, raising fears of demographic changes that could marginalise Kashmiris. To enforce these changes, the military presence was intensified, with widespread crackdowns on civilians. Reports of human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial killings, surged as repression deepened. This systematic suppression has only fueled resentment and further alienated the local population, worsening the region’s long-standing conflict.


In IIOJK, Indian forces have systematically silenced Kashmiri dissent and suppressed those who speak the truth through violent means. These actions are deliberate attempts to eliminate anyone who challenges the dominant narrative or exposes injustices committed by the state; they are not spontaneous. A wide range of individuals, including journalists, activists, religious leaders civilians, have been subjected to such repression. One striking example is the June 2018 assassination of journalist Shujaat Bukhari, who was known for his commitment to truth and peace. His killing in broad daylight sent shockwaves through the media landscape, instilling fear among those who dared to critique government policies. Local communities, political activists journalists have faced systematic persecution, with political workers advocating democratic rights and educators promoting reforms also becoming victims of state-led suppression. In this climate of fear, dissent is met with brutal consequences, stifling free speech and discouraging civic engagement.


Another layer of anguish inflicted on the Kashmiri people is represented by enforced disappearances. Indian forces have abducted thousands of people without warning or due process, leaving families to wonder what will happen to their loved ones. In addition to destroying individual families, this approach instills a generalized terror throughout society. The rights of families impacted by these disappearances are being fought for by groups such as the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP). They keep track of cases, offer consolation to bereaved families hold authorities accountable. The tragic tale of Zahoor Ahmad, a farmer who was arrested by security agents in 2004 and hasn't been seen since is one example. His wife, who embodies the unwavering hope, keeps looking for him. Representing the unwavering optimism that many families impacted by such tragedy exhibit. This issue has taken on a terrifying new dimension with the revelation of mass graves scattered throughout Kashmir. Over 6,000 unmarked graves have been found, according to reports from the Jammu and Kashmir State Human Rights Commission. This raises serious concerns regarding the identity of the people buried there and the circumstances of their deaths. These burials underscore the critical need for accountability while acting as somber reminders of the decades-long violence that has engulfed the area.


Groups like Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have condemned these violations. They have called for independent investigations, but their efforts have had little impact. The Indian government rejects such inquiries, citing national security concerns. This refusal leaves Kashmiri families feeling abandoned by the world. Powerful nations remain silent, prioritising geopolitical interests over human rights. As a result, many Kashmiris continue to fight for justice alone. The impact on Kashmiri society has been devastating. Families of the disappeared live with lifelong trauma and financial instability. Many face social exclusion because of their association with victims of state violence. Fear dominates daily life, silencing dissent and discouraging civic participation. Children grow up witnessing violence or experiencing its psychological effects at home. This environment creates stress and anxiety, shaping a generation under constant fear. As sorrow deepens, the social fabric weakens support systems erode.


The world must no longer ignore these injustices. Targeted killings and enforced disappearances demand urgent attention. Independent investigations are necessary to uncover the truth and bring relief to grieving families. Justice and accountability are essential for healing and reconciliation. The voices calling for justice represent a universal demand for dignity and recognition. Kashmiris have shown resilience despite decades of oppression. Activists like APDP chairperson Parveena Ahangar continue to fight for justice. She reminds the world, "The world may be silent, but we will continue to defend the right to justice." Her determination reflects the unbreakable spirit of Kashmiris. The global community must act now. The voices of the missing and the cries of their families cannot be ignored. Ending this cycle of violence is a moral and humanitarian duty.

The writer is a research intern at the Kashmir Institute of International Relations (KIIR) and serves as the General Secretary of HEAL Pakistan, an initiative dedicated to fostering humanity, education empowerment, awareness leadership.

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