Benefits and challenges of Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project: A case study of Muzaffarabad city.
Benefits and challenges of Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project: A case study of Muzaffarabad city.
Abstract:
This research delves into the
comprehensive analysis of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project's impacts on
Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, offering a nuanced exploration of its benefits and
challenges. The project, a monumental achievement in Pakistan's power sector,
generates 969 MW of cheap electricity by diverting water from the Neelum River
to the Jhelum River. It brings numerous advantages, including clean energy,
enhanced energy security, economic growth, and improved quality of life.
However, it also poses significant challenges related to environmental impact,
displacement, siltation, and security. Through qualitative research and
thematic analysis, this study navigates the multifaceted dimensions of this
ambitious venture, highlighting its pivotal role in the socio-economic
development of the region while acknowledging the need for responsible
stewardship in balancing development with environmental and societal
responsibility.
Keywords:
Neelum Jhelum, Muzaffarabad, Renewable energy, Benefits
Introduction: Energy serves as the backbone of every thriving nation, contributing to its development and driving societies toward modernity. It plays a central role in shaping economies, fostering technological advancements, and attracting foreign investors to states that are energy-sufficient. As the global population continues to grow, so the demand for reliable, affordable, and accessible energy sources is increasing too. Pakistan always faced severe shortages of energy in power sector, since 2011 the shortfall of electricity had crossed 7,440 MW but it was reduced after the official launch of the multibillion CPEC project.
Zakir Hussain Magsi
In 2014, a deal was signed to construct 21 power generating units with
collaboration of Chinese companies. In 2020, it was surveyed that the country
became able to made huge production greater than its needs. Pakistan’s shift
from traditional energy sources to renewable energy sources has been a great success.
The construction of Neelum Jhelum hydropower plant in Azad Kashmir was a
remarkable achievement in Pakistan’s power sector.
Located
in the south of capital city Muzaffarabad, the mega power project produces
about 969 MW of cheap electricity for the country by diverting the water from
Neelum River to Jhelum from the water of Jhelum River.
The
project was approved in 1989, and the work on it was intended to start in year
of 2002, but unfortunately that was delayed due to lack of budget and rising
costs. The work on the project was further delayed due to the deadly earthquake
that shook the region in 2005. Finally the work was started in 2008 by
assigning contract to Gezhouba Chinese group of companies and the project was successfully
completed in 2018 under the supervision of Pakistan’s Water and Power Development
Authority (WAPDA). However, the power generation was stopped due to a blockage
caused by the collapse of a part of its tail race tunnel in July 2022. The
power generation was resumed again on 9th August 2023 after
successful repair of the damaged portion of the tunnel.
The
funds for the construction of the project, costing 2.89 billion USD, were
collected from Chinese and Middle Eastern banks. In 1989, the project was likely
to cost $167 million USD but after another redesign in 2005, that cost rose to
$935 million USD. The delay in the project, simultaneously, led to the massive
increase in cost of the project and was finally completed at an exorbitant
price of $5.1 billion
This research
aims to bridge gap by conducting a thorough investigation into the project's
multi-faceted dynamics at the local level. This research article
is driven by two primary objectives. Firstly, it seeks to offer a comprehensive
evaluation of the benefits and challenges associated with the Neelum Jhelum
Hydropower project within the unique context of Muzaffarabad city. Secondly, it
aims to shed light on the broader significance of this project by elucidating
its role in the socio-economic development of the region.
Research Methodology: This
qualitative research study employs a secondary data analysis approach to
explore the localized impact of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project in
Muzaffarabad city. Data consists of existing documents, reports, articles, and
scholarly publications, are analyzed to gain insights into the benefits and
challenges associated with the project within the unique context of
Muzaffarabad.
Research Design:
This research design involves the systematic analysis of existing documents and
secondary data sources to extract relevant information related to the Neelum
Jhelum Hydropower project and its localized impact on Muzaffarabad. The study
is exploratory and seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the project's
implications.
Data Collection:
Secondary Data Source:
The secondary data source for
this research is existing documents and publications related to the Neelum
Jhelum Hydropower project. These include government reports, environmental
impact assessments, academic articles, news articles, and project documents.
Data Analysis: (Thematic
Analysis) Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurring themes, patterns,
and key concepts within the collected documents. The analysis focuses on
extracting information related to the benefits and challenges of the project in
Muzaffarabad, with a particular emphasis on the socio-economic and
environmental aspects.
Ontological Perspective:
This research is guided by an ontological perspective that acknowledges the
existence of multiple, subjective interpretations of reality. It recognizes that
the localized impact of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project is shaped by the
perceptions, experiences, and interactions of various stakeholders, including
government bodies, local communities, environmental experts, and project
managers.
Social Constructionism:
The theoretical framework draws from the principles of social constructionism,
which asserts that reality is socially constructed through language and
discourse. In this context, the benefits and challenges associated with the
hydropower project are viewed as socially constructed narratives influenced by
the perspectives and interests of different stakeholders.
Discussion:
Benefits of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project in
Muzaffarabad
Clean Energy Generation: One of the most
significant advantages of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project is its
contribution to clean energy generation. Located in a region blessed with
abundant water resources, this project harnesses the power of the Neelum River
to generate electricity without relying on fossil fuels. This sustainable
approach to energy production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and aligns with
global efforts to combat climate change.
Energy Security and Independence: By diversifying
Pakistan's energy mix, the project enhances energy security and reduces the
nation's dependence on costly fuel imports. This is especially important for
Pakistan's economy, as it reduces vulnerability to fluctuations in global oil
and gas prices, ensuring a more stable energy supply for Muzaffarabad and the
nation as a whole.
Economic Growth and Job Creation: The availability of a
consistent and affordable electricity supply is a catalyst for economic growth.
In Muzaffarabad, this project attracts businesses and industries seeking reliable
energy sources. Consequently, it fosters job creation and stimulates economic
development, which ultimately leads to an improved standard of living for the
local population.
Improved Quality of Life:
Access to electricity is essential for improving the quality of life in any
region. In Muzaffarabad, the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project powers homes,
schools, hospitals, and essential services. This, in turn, leads to improved
healthcare, education, and overall well-being for the residents.
Government Revenue Generation:
The project generates revenue for the government through the sale of
electricity. These funds can be reinvested in local development projects,
infrastructure improvements, and social services, directly benefiting the
residents of Muzaffarabad.
Tourism and Recreation:
The formation of the reservoir created by the project can also serve as a
source of tourism and recreational activities. The scenic beauty of the
reservoir and associated amenities can attract tourists, which not only boosts
the local economy but also creates opportunities for small businesses and
hospitality services.
Challenges of the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project
in Muzaffarabad
Environmental Impact: Large-scale hydropower projects, including the
Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project, can have adverse environmental effects. The
construction of dams and reservoirs can disrupt local ecosystems, alter river
flow patterns, and lead to the submergence of land and vegetation.
Additionally, the risk of landslides and earthquakes in hilly regions like
Muzaffarabad is a constant concern.
Displacement and Resettlement: Mega hydropower
projects require the displacement of local communities to make way for
infrastructure. Ensuring fair compensation, proper resettlement, and the
preservation of the affected communities' cultural heritage is a complex
challenge that needs to be managed with sensitivity and care.
Siltation and Maintenance:
With the passage of time, the reservoir can accumulate sediments that cause siltation.
The siltation can reduce the dam's efficiency and impact its long-term
viability. Regular maintenance and sediment management are essential to
mitigate this issue.
Water Management: Balancing the needs of
electricity generation with downstream water requirements for agriculture,
ecosystems, and other purposes is a delicate task. Proper water management and
sharing agreements are crucial to address conflicts and ensure that all
stakeholders benefit.
Security Concerns:
Mega projects are often considered critical infrastructure and can become
targets for security threats, including terrorist activities. Ensuring the
safety and security of the facility, workers, and the surrounding area is an
ongoing challenge.
Operational Efficiency:
Maintaining and operating a hydropower plant efficiently requires technical
expertise and continuous investment. Ensuring that the plant operates at its
designed capacity and reliability standards can be demanding.
Social Cohesion: The presence of a
large-scale development project can disrupt traditional ways of life in local
communities. Maintaining social cohesion, cultural heritage, and addressing
social impacts on communities is a challenge that requires ongoing engagement
and support.
Regulatory Compliance:
Meeting environmental and safety regulations is crucial. Hydropower projects
must adapt to evolving regulations and standards, which may require additional
investments and adjustments to their operations.
Result: The Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project in Muzaffarabad stands as a symbol of both progress and complexity. This ambitious endeavor has undeniably brought about a host of benefits, notably in the domains of clean energy, economic growth, and an improved quality of life for the residents of Muzaffarabad. The generation of clean electricity through the natural force of water has not only reduced Pakistan's reliance on fossil fuels but also played a vital role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with global environmental goals. Furthermore, the project has contributed significantly to energy security and independence.
By
diversifying the energy mix and decreasing reliance on fuel imports, it has
helped stabilize the energy supply, ensuring that residents enjoy a more
consistent and affordable source of power. This, in turn, has catalyzed
economic growth, fostering job creation and investment opportunities,
ultimately enhancing the living standards of the local population. The positive impact
extends beyond economics. With increased access to electricity, essential
services such as healthcare and education have witnessed improvements, leading
to an overall better quality of life for the residents of Muzaffarabad. The
revenue generated by the project has the potential to fund local development
initiatives and infrastructure improvements, ensuring a brighter future for the
city.
On the flip
side, the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project has not been without its challenges.
The environmental impact, including habitat disruption and the alteration of
river ecosystems, requires careful mitigation. Displacement and resettlement
issues must be managed with sensitivity and fairness to preserve the well-being
and culture of affected communities. Additionally, concerns related to siltation,
water management, and the security of critical infrastructure demand ongoing
attention and investment.
Conclusion: In the heart of
Muzaffarabad, the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Project has emerged as a beacon of
both promise and complexity. Its towering dams and glistening reservoirs
symbolize the potential for transformative change, yet beneath the surface lie
challenges that demand thoughtful navigation. As we conclude our exploration of
this project, it is clear that its story is one of profound significance, not
only for Muzaffarabad but for Pakistan as a whole. The benefits that this
hydropower venture brings to Muzaffarabad cannot be overstated. It is a source
of pride, offering clean, renewable energy that not only illuminates homes but
also fuels the engines of economic progress. Job opportunities have blossomed,
and the city's infrastructure has seen enhancements that promise a brighter
future. The revenue generated reverberates through the local economy, funding
vital projects and services.
However, the challenges should not be
underestimated. Nature, too, has a say in this narrative. Environmental impacts
necessitate our careful stewardship, for the river's delicate balance must be
preserved. The displacement of communities calls for empathy and meticulous
planning, ensuring that no one is left behind in the march towards progress.
Water management, a cornerstone of both agriculture and ecology, demands a
judicious hand. In
this tale of a hydropower project and its impact on a city, we find a microcosm
of the larger global challenge balancing development
with environmental and societal responsibility. It is a challenge that requires
not just engineering prowess but also the wisdom to sustainably harness
nature's gifts.
Bibliography:
https://www.stantec.com/en/projects/middle-east-projects/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project
Neelum–JhelumHydropower Plant - Wikipedia
NeelumJhelum Hydropower Project resumes electricity generation (nation.com.pk)
https://opecfund.org/operations/list/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-plant-project
https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1097112-neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project-all-set-to-see-resumption
https://www.nation.com.pk/10-Aug-2023/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project-resumes-electricity-generation
https://bnn.network/world/pakistan/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project-resumes-energy-generation/
https://dailytimes.com.pk/1121422/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project-resumes-electricity-generation/
https://www.energyupdate.com.pk/2023/08/08/neelum-jhelum-hydropower-project-connected-to-national-grid/
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