The region of Jammu and Kashmir is a habitat of numerous species of flora and fauna. This study expounds on the quality and quantity of biodiversity in this region. The main concern of this study is the role of Indian occupation on multiple native species in this respective region. Since Indian occupation the danger of extinction is imminent. Some species are on the verge of extinction. This study is the product of scientific methods to evaluate the figurative data, interviews with some locals who have knowledge of biodiversity, and field research with highly equipped methods. This research leads us to the causes of endangerment regarding biodiversity, loss of habitat, over-exploitation of resources and the spread of invasive species are the primary causes of the destruction of the bio cycle and the biodiversity in this occupied region. The whole study explains the biodiversity in this respective region of IOJK, a threat to biodiversity , effect of Indian occupation on biodiversity and how to protect the natural habitat .
First of all biodiversity is the marvel of nature which regulates the whole environment . Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of these species and organisms work together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain balance and support life. So biodiversity is the ultimate reason for a controlled environment . The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction . The food web is the basic process of sustenance of ecosystem and endangering of habitat is the main reason behind the collapse of the whole ecosystem.
Secondly this study evaluates the scientific and cultural importance of biodiversity. The scientific importance of biodiversity is not behind the veil ,it is quite visible in this study . The food web and food chain are the most important processes for a good ecosystem . Biodiversity is the epitome of natural discipline. As the scientific importance is concerned, it is the oxygen for the whole ecosystem .This is like a chain, so every genus is a part of it. If the habitat of one genus is destroyed, the verge of extinction for many species are imminent .
Now we talk about the cultural importance of the biodiversity of nature . The flora and fauna are the insignia of some regions . Like Kashmir musk deer or many other species are the identity of this region . In the course of history , people have natural affiliation with these species of flora and fauna . So many customs are affiliated with these artifacts of nature . The flora of Himalayan Kashmir comprises about 3054 species . So this area is like a market for many medicinal and aromatic plants . Many pharmaceutical companies and perfume industries collect their samples from this region . This region provides the best climatic conditions for these types of plants . These plants and animals are the representation of this region .
Since 1947 ,the Indian occupation effected this natural habitat of many plants and animals because they use the process of exploitation in every manner . Since occupation, Indian government amplifies the problems in the guise of their own benefits .The non friendly policies of Indian government tear down the natural habitat of many species . These policies include the construction of dams , military infrastructure ,construction of roads and other exploitation of the natural resources . The Indian government made this region a war zone which severely effects the biodiversity in this region .
As Indian occupied Kashmir is the conflict zone and war zone due to which the access for the research is the main hiccup in scientific manner. The impact of Indian occupation on biodiversity is a pure topic of scientific research. Indian occupation has crucially effected the research setup of this region due to which the research on this topic is very limited.The data analysis of both biomes the flora and fauna Species in this region clearly declines due to Indian occupation. There is not a significant data analysis on this topic. The lesser ground of research on the human and wildlife interaction also causes the problems for the researchers to collect data. Global warming is also the reason behind the literature gap because it is a worldwide issue. It effects the epistemological prospect about this topic.
The animal life has been disturbed due to this Indian Occupation some of the rare species like snow leopard ,black bear and some rare birds life like Himalayan monalare in danger.
Hangul Deer (Cervushanglu): The Hangul deer, native to the Kashmir Valley, is critically endangered. Its population has been affected by habitat loss due to deforestation and development.
Markhor (Capra falconeri): The Markhor, a wild goat species found in the region, has faced threats from habitat loss and illegal hunting.
Snow Leopard (Pantherauncia):The snow leopard inhabits mountainous areas in Jammu and Kashmir. The disruption caused by conflict and habitat alteration poses a threat to this endangered species.
Black Necked Crane (Grus nigricollis):This migratory bird species visits the Ladakh region in winter. Disturbances in wetland habitats and changes in climate can impact their populations.
Saussureacostus (Costus):This medicinal plant, native to the region, has faced overharvesting due to its economic value, which can impact its sustainability.
Red Fox (Vulpesvulpes) and Asiatic Black Bear (Ursusthibetanus):These are among the many species affected by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflicts, and disruptions in their natural habitats
Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir is home to more than 3800 species of plants it includes the rare medical herbs and aromatic plants.
Aquatic Plants: Aquatic flora in wetland areas, including various aquatic grasses and species like Nymphaea spp. (water lilies), can be impacted by changes in water quality and habitat degradation.
Endemic Alpine Flora: The high-altitude alpine flora of the region, with unique and often rare species, can be vulnerable to habitat disturbances and climate change.
Saussureacostus (Costus): Costus is a medicinal plant native to the region. Overharvesting due to its economic value has threatened its sustainability.
Cedrusdeodara (Deodar Cedar):The Deodar Cedar, a majestic tree, has been harvested for its timber, affecting its populations in some areas.
Paeoniaemodi (Himalayan Peony):This beautiful flowering plant is native to the Himalayan region but faces habitat degradation due to construction and development.
Taxusbaccata (European ):The European Yew, a coniferous tree, has been exploited for its bark and needles in traditional medicine practices.
Aconitum heterophyllum (Atis):Atis is a medicinal plant whose overharvesting for its roots has raised concerns about its conservation.
Rheum spp. (Rhubarb):Several species of rhubarb grow in the region and are harvested for medicinal purposes, which can threaten their populations.
Habitat Alteration:Construction of infrastructure, urbanization, and the expansion of military bases have led to habitat loss and fragmentation, affecting wildlife populations.
Resource Exploitation:Economic activities associated with occupation, such as timber harvesting and mining, have led to the overexploitation of natural resources, including forests and minerals
Pollution: Increased industrialization and urban development can result in pollution of air and water, harming both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Human-Wildlife Conflict:Displacement and migration of human populations due to conflict has lead to conflicts with wildlife as communities encroach on natural habitats.
Climate Change:Global climate change, driven by factors beyond the region, is altering local ecosystems, impacting the distribution and behavior of flora and fauna.
Decline of BiodiversityThe impact of habitat destruction, resource exploitation, pollution and deforestation has led to a decline in biodiversity. Some species are endangered or on the brink of extinction.
Logging by Indian occupied forces and illegal timber mafia has led to a great extent of deforestation in Indian occupied Jammu and Kashmir.
Biodiversity decline has affected vital ecosystem services that are clean water provision, pollination, and soil fertility, which are essential for human well-being.
The construction of dams, roads and railways has resulted in habitat fragmentation and its adverse effects on biodiversity in region.
The region is home to several endemic species, and their populations are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation.
Heavy military presence in the region has led towards pollution and habitat destruction their military exercises make it difficult for wildlife to reproduce
Climate change and habitat changes affect the migration patterns of birds and mammals, leading to potential imbalances in ecosystems.
Wildlife Department of Jammu and Kashmir: The state wildlife department plays a crucial role in conserving wildlife and their habitats. They are responsible for the management of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and protected areas in the region.
The Mountain Institute This non-profit organization has been active in the Himalayan region, working on conservation and sustainable development projects. They focus on community-based approaches.
Kashmir Environmental and Social Watch (KESW): KESW is an NGO based in Jammu and Kashmir that works on environmental and social issues, including biodiversity conservation
Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF): NCF, based in India, has conducted research and conservation efforts in the Western Himalayas, which includes parts of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE): ICFRE conducts forestry research and education, including research related to biodiversity conservation in forested areas of Jammu and Kashmir.
UNDP India: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been involved in projects related to sustainable development and biodiversity conservation in the region.
The Indian occupation of Jammu and Kashmir has had a devastating impact on the region’s biodiversity. The occupying forces have engaged in a number of activities that have led to the loss of habitats, the extinction of species, and the degradation of ecosystems.One of the most significant impacts of the occupation has been the militarization of the region. The presence of a large number of troops has led to the clearing of forests and other habitats to make way for military installations. This has displaced wildlife and destroyed their natural homes.
The occupying forces have also engaged in overexploitation of natural resources. This includes the overfishing of rivers and lakes, the overgrazing of grasslands, and the excessive logging of forests. This has led to a decline in the populations of many species, including fish, birds, and mammals. In addition, the occupying forces have polluted the environment with their activities. This includes the dumping of waste, the use of pesticides and herbicides, and the construction of dams and other infrastructure. This pollution has further degraded ecosystems and made it difficult for wildlife to survive
The impact of the Indian occupation on biodiversity in Jammu and Kashmir is a serious concern. The decline of biodiversity has a number of negative consequences, including the disruption of food chains, the spread of diseases, and the loss of natural resources. It is important to take steps to protect the region’s biodiversity and to ensure that the occupation does not further damage the environment Biodiversity in Jammu and Kashmir can be protected by reducing the militarization of the region, reducing pollution, protecting wildlife , Promoting sustainable use of natural resources, and creating awareness of biodiversity in public.
By taking these steps, we can help to protect the biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir and we can make sure that the region’s natural heritage is preserved for future generations.
REFERENCES:
Dar, Ghulam Hassan, and Anzar A. Khuroo. 2020. Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Springer Nature.
Research Articles:
Impact of unorganized devolpment on environment and biodiversity of Jammu and Kashmir
(Ujjvala Ramesh karande)
Fluid landscapes, sovereign nature (sage)
Websites
www.google.com
www.greaterkashmir.com
www.jkwildlife.com